Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered as one of the important BACTERIAL INFECTIONS seen among renal transplant recipients. In the present study, BACTERIAL urinary tract INFECTIONS in renal transplant recipients were investigated. Eighty-seven renal transplant recipients (57 males and 30 females) were included to study the BACTERIAL UTIs. Clean- catch midstream urine specimens were obtained from patients and studied using microscopic analysis and culturing on appropriate bacteriologic media. BACTERIAL isolates were identified by standard biochemical and serological tests. UTIs were diagnosed in 29 percent of patients (18 males and 11 females). The most common causative BACTERIAL strains were coagulase negative Staphylococci (31%) and Entrobacter spp (20.7%). The results showed that all of Proteus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp, and Enterococcus spp were resistant to most of tested antibiotics, so this research reflects that these multiple resistant bacteria can be accounted as the most cause of UTI in renal transplant recipients.

total Knee arthroplasty is an effective and cost-reducing therapeutic approach، which is very useful in relieving pain and improving the performance of patients with advanced knee arthritis، but there are some factors that may lead to the failure of this surgery. From that which patients need for re-surgical repair، the most common causes of knee replacement are included as infection، poor mechanized joint replacement، implant failure، or frailty of implant. Infection is the most common cause of the main cause Knee replacement surgery. The main goal in this study is to explore new procedures to reduce implant-induced defects and also increase the implants life in knee arthroplasty surgery. Methodology: search was carried out in PubMed، science direct and magazine of materials for identification of published articles and studies on INFECTIONS caused by bone implants. 76 articles were reviewed from 2003 to 2016 and 50 articles of them were cited in the text. Results: From the 50 papers cited in this study، 41 articles examined the effects of non-antibiotics on INFECTIONS of bone implants. 5 papers have been reviewed carefully for non-antibiotic treatments and their effects on bone tissue in vitro and 4 are related to combination of these agents with antibiotics and subsequent increase in their efficacy after surgery. Conclusion: Using of non-antibiotic agents to preventing cause INFECTIONS after knee surgery intended to preventing biofilm formation in this area is one of the methods suggested to prevent antibiotic resistance against antibiotics. Today، in these surgeries، polyethylmetacrylate cements are commonly used filled with antibiotics such as vancomycin and gentamicin، which unaccustomedly may be exposed by bacteria and biofilms، and ultimately lead to acute INFECTIONS. Our overview is exploring the technologies that can improve the performance of orthopedic implants، which may reduce the severity of knee joint INFECTIONS. The results of these reports also have revealed that the combination of technology and different types of INFECTIONS at the same time، can promote microbial infection Cause.

Background: Nosocomial INFECTIONS increase patients’ morbidity, mortality and length of hospital stay especially in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and have become a matter of major concern. Controlling and preventing nosocomial INFECTIONS need enough information about epidemiology of these INFECTIONS. This study aims at estimating the incidence rate and the most frequent bacteria which cause these INFECTIONS in neonatal intensive care unit of Ghaem university hospital, Mashhad.Methods: In this study which is performed during a twelve month period in 2004 and 2005 at neonatal intensive care unit of Ghaem hospital, 971 hospitalized neonates were studied. Data were collected considering the standard surveillance protocols. Early onset neonatal nosocomial INFECTIONS and late onset neonatal INFECTIONS were defined as illness appearing from birth to seven days and from eight to twenty-eight days postnatal age respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the c2 test.Results: In this study 32 cases of nosocomial INFECTIONS were identified so the incidence rate of nosocomial infection in this ward was 3.29%. Fifteen babies identified with early onset neonatal nosocomial infection and the rest have presented with late onset neonatal INFECTIONS. In order of frequency, the sites of infection were: primary bloodstream (84.4%) and pneumonia (15.62%). Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most common bacteria (43.74%) isolated in these patients. Other isolated bacteria were Klebsiella pneumonia (31.42%) and other gram negative bacilli such as E.coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Acintobacter spp. The mechanical ventilation and umbilical catheter were associated with nosocomial INFECTIONS as risk factors in our study (p<0.01).Conclusion: Our findings show that the neonatal intensive care unit of Ghaem hospital has low rate of nosocomial INFECTIONS. However, as neonatal intensive care unit is an area of great concern in terms of nosocomial infection, preventive measures especially hand washing should be intensified.